PM2.5 1x1 km Map Prediction in Jakarta

One of the fine airborne pollutant is PM2.5 with a diameter less than 2.5 µm, means they efficiently penetrate the human respiratory system. Despite continuous PM2.5 monitoring by government and international agencies, Jakarta's unevenly distributed stations limit spatially consistent mapping of PM2.5. Several studies have utilized machine learning models such as Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, and LightGBM to predict PM2.5 concentrations.